AYOLLARNING MEHNAT BOZORIDAGI O‘RNI VA GENDER TENGLIGI, MUAMMOLAR VA YECHIMLARI
Keywords:
Ayollar, mehnat bozori, ona bo‘lish jazosi, gender tengligi, bolalar parvarishi, ota-onalik ta’tili, mehnat bozoridagi tengsizliklar, iqtisodiy imkoniyatlar, oilaviy siyosatlar, gender rollariAbstract
Ayollarning ish bozoridagi o‘rni jamiyatning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy rivojlanishida muhim ahamiyatga ega. Biroq, ko‘plab ayollar "ona bo‘lish jazosi" deb ataluvchi mehnat bozoridagi tengsizliklarga duch keladilar. Bu tengsizliklar ko‘pincha ish haqi kamayishi, lavozim ko‘tarilish imkoniyatlarining cheklanishi va moslashuvchan ish sharoitlarining yetishmasligi shaklida namoyon bo‘ladi. Shu bilan birga, rivojlangan oilaviy siyosatlar va arzon bolalar parvarishi tizimlari mavjud bo‘lgan jamiyatlarda "ota-onalik mukofoti" kuzatiladi, bu esa ayollarning mehnat bozoridagi ishtirokini oshiradi. Ushbu maqolada ayollarni ish bozorida qo‘llab-quvvatlash uchun iqtisodiy siyosatlar, madaniy me’yorlar va gender rollarini hisobga olgan holda strategiyalar tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, ayollarning iqtisodiy imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishga qaratilgan subsidiyalangan bolalar parvarishi, pullik ota-onalik ta’tili va ish moslashuvchanligini ta’minlash kabi choralar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Ushbu yondashuvlar nafaqat ayollar, balki butun jamiyat uchun iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy rivojlanishni ta’minlashi mumkin.
References
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2. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). Kriminalistik huquq va jinoyatlarning oldini olish. International innovation and researches, 1(3), 53-55.
3. Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal child care, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709-745.
4. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2013). The feasibility and importance of integrating the family and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 101-126.
5. Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204-225.
6. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). O ‘zbekistonda inson huquqlari va milliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish. Международный журнал теории новейших научных исследований, 2(10), 173-176.
7. Del Boca, D., & Wetzels, M. (2007). The impact of child care on the labor supply of mothers. Review of Economic Household, 5(2), 79-107.
8. Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour market outcomes of women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(4), 865-883.
9. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119.
10. Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 27-65.
11. OECD (2017). The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. OECD Publishing, Paris.
12. Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family and the workforce: The impact of children on parents' wages. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 209-225.
13. World Bank (2022). Gender Equality and the Labor Market: A Global Overview. World Bank Publications.
1. Anderson, P. M., & Levine, P. B. (2000). Child care and mothers' employment decisions. The American Economic Review, 90(2), 284-288.
2. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). Kriminalistik huquq va jinoyatlarning oldini olish. International innovation and researches, 1(3), 53-55.
3. Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal child care, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709-745.
4. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2013). The feasibility and importance of integrating the family and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 101-126.
5. Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204-225.
6. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). O ‘zbekistonda inson huquqlari va milliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish. Международный журнал теории новейших научных исследований, 2(10), 173-176.
7. Del Boca, D., & Wetzels, M. (2007). The impact of child care on the labor supply of mothers. Review of Economic Household, 5(2), 79-107.
8. Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour market outcomes of women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(4), 865-883.
9. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119.
10. Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 27-65.
11. OECD (2017). The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. OECD Publishing, Paris.
12. Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family and the workforce: The impact of children on parents' wages. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 209-225.
13. World Bank (2022). Gender Equality and the Labor Market: A Global Overview. World Bank Publications.
1. Anderson, P. M., & Levine, P. B. (2000). Child care and mothers' employment decisions. The American Economic Review, 90(2), 284-288.
2. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). Kriminalistik huquq va jinoyatlarning oldini olish. International innovation and researches, 1(3), 53-55.
3. Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal child care, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709-745.
4. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2013). The feasibility and importance of integrating the family and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 101-126.
5. Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204-225.
6. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). O ‘zbekistonda inson huquqlari va milliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish. Международный журнал теории новейших научных исследований, 2(10), 173-176.
7. Del Boca, D., & Wetzels, M. (2007). The impact of child care on the labor supply of mothers. Review of Economic Household, 5(2), 79-107.
8. Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour market outcomes of women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(4), 865-883.
9. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119.
10. Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 27-65.
11. OECD (2017). The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. OECD Publishing, Paris.
12. Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family and the workforce: The impact of children on parents' wages. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 209-225.
13. World Bank (2022). Gender Equality and the Labor Market: A Global Overview. World Bank Publications.
1. Anderson, P. M., & Levine, P. B. (2000). Child care and mothers' employment decisions. The American Economic Review, 90(2), 284-288.
2. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). Kriminalistik huquq va jinoyatlarning oldini olish. International innovation and researches, 1(3), 53-55.
3. Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal child care, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709-745.
4. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2013). The feasibility and importance of integrating the family and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 101-126.
5. Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204-225.
6. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). O ‘zbekistonda inson huquqlari va milliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish. Международный журнал теории новейших научных исследований, 2(10), 173-176.
7. Del Boca, D., & Wetzels, M. (2007). The impact of child care on the labor supply of mothers. Review of Economic Household, 5(2), 79-107.
8. Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour market outcomes of women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(4), 865-883.
9. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119.
10. Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 27-65.
11. OECD (2017). The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. OECD Publishing, Paris.
12. Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family and the workforce: The impact of children on parents' wages. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 209-225.
13. World Bank (2022). Gender Equality and the Labor Market: A Global Overview. World Bank Publications.
1. Anderson, P. M., & Levine, P. B. (2000). Child care and mothers' employment decisions. The American Economic Review, 90(2), 284-288.
2. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). Kriminalistik huquq va jinoyatlarning oldini olish. International innovation and researches, 1(3), 53-55.
3. Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal child care, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709-745.
4. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2013). The feasibility and importance of integrating the family and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 101-126.
5. Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204-225.
6. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). O ‘zbekistonda inson huquqlari va milliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish. Международный журнал теории новейших научных исследований, 2(10), 173-176.
7. Del Boca, D., & Wetzels, M. (2007). The impact of child care on the labor supply of mothers. Review of Economic Household, 5(2), 79-107.
8. Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour market outcomes of women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(4), 865-883.
9. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119.
10. Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 27-65.
11. OECD (2017). The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. OECD Publishing, Paris.
12. Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family and the workforce: The impact of children on parents' wages. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 209-225.
13. World Bank (2022). Gender Equality and the Labor Market: A Global Overview. World Bank Publications.
1. Anderson, P. M., & Levine, P. B. (2000). Child care and mothers' employment decisions. The American Economic Review, 90(2), 284-288.
2. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). Kriminalistik huquq va jinoyatlarning oldini olish. International innovation and researches, 1(3), 53-55.
3. Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal child care, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709-745.
4. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2013). The feasibility and importance of integrating the family and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 101-126.
5. Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204-225.
6. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). O ‘zbekistonda inson huquqlari va milliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish. Международный журнал теории новейших научных исследований, 2(10), 173-176.
7. Del Boca, D., & Wetzels, M. (2007). The impact of child care on the labor supply of mothers. Review of Economic Household, 5(2), 79-107.
8. Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour market outcomes of women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(4), 865-883.
9. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119.
10. Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 27-65.
11. OECD (2017). The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. OECD Publishing, Paris.
12. Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family and the workforce: The impact of children on parents' wages. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 209-225.
13. World Bank (2022). Gender Equality and the Labor Market: A Global Overview. World Bank Publications.
1. Anderson, P. M., & Levine, P. B. (2000). Child care and mothers' employment decisions. The American Economic Review, 90(2), 284-288.
2. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). Kriminalistik huquq va jinoyatlarning oldini olish. International innovation and researches, 1(3), 53-55.
3. Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal child care, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709-745.
4. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2013). The feasibility and importance of integrating the family and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 101-126.
5. Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204-225.
6. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). O ‘zbekistonda inson huquqlari va milliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish. Международный журнал теории новейших научных исследований, 2(10), 173-176.
7. Del Boca, D., & Wetzels, M. (2007). The impact of child care on the labor supply of mothers. Review of Economic Household, 5(2), 79-107.
8. Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour market outcomes of women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(4), 865-883.
9. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119.
10. Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 27-65.
11. OECD (2017). The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. OECD Publishing, Paris.
12. Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family and the workforce: The impact of children on parents' wages. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 209-225.
13. World Bank (2022). Gender Equality and the Labor Market: A Global Overview. World Bank Publications.
1. Anderson, P. M., & Levine, P. B. (2000). Child care and mothers' employment decisions. The American Economic Review, 90(2), 284-288.
2. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). Kriminalistik huquq va jinoyatlarning oldini olish. International innovation and researches, 1(3), 53-55.
3. Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal child care, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709-745.
4. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2013). The feasibility and importance of integrating the family and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 101-126.
5. Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204-225.
6. Bekzod o’g’li, J. F. (2024). O ‘zbekistonda inson huquqlari va milliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish. Международный журнал теории новейших научных исследований, 2(10), 173-176.
7. Del Boca, D., & Wetzels, M. (2007). The impact of child care on the labor supply of mothers. Review of Economic Household, 5(2), 79-107.
8. Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour market outcomes of women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(4), 865-883.
9. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119.
10. Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 27-65.
11. OECD (2017). The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. OECD Publishing, Paris.
12. Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family and the workforce: The impact of children on parents' wages. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 209-225.
13. World Bank (2022). Gender Equality and the Labor Market: A Global Overview. World Bank Publications.
